Proper citation is crucial for academic integrity. Avoiding plagiarism is paramount, and understanding MLA (Modern Language Association) style is key to doing so effectively. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of how to cite in MLA, covering various sources and offering practical examples.
Understanding MLA Citation Basics
The MLA style emphasizes brevity and clarity. Its core components include in-text citations and a "Works Cited" page. In-text citations, brief references within your paper, direct the reader to the full source information found on the Works Cited page.
Key Elements of MLA In-Text Citations:
- Author's Last Name: Usually, only the author's last name is included, followed by a page number (if applicable).
- Page Number: For direct quotes and paraphrases, include the page number in parentheses.
- Signal Phrase: Integrating the citation smoothly into your sentence using a signal phrase (e.g., "According to Smith...") is often preferred.
Examples of In-Text Citations:
- One Author: (Smith 12). Or: According to Smith (12), ...
- Two Authors: (Smith and Jones 12). Or: Smith and Jones (12) argue that...
- Three or More Authors: (Smith et al. 12). Or: As Smith et al. (12) have demonstrated...
- No Author: ("Title of Work" 12). Use a shortened title if it's long.
- Website with No Page Numbers: (Smith, "Title of Article"). Use paragraph numbers if available.
Citing Different Source Types in MLA
Here's a breakdown of how to cite various sources commonly used in academic writing:
1. Books:
Example:
- In-text: (Smith 123).
- Works Cited: Smith, John. Title of Book. Publisher, Year.
2. Journal Articles:
Example:
- In-text: (Smith 123).
- Works Cited: Smith, John. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. number, no. number, Year, pp. page range. DOI or URL.
3. Websites:
Example:
- In-text: ("Title of Article").
- Works Cited: "Title of Article." Name of Website, Date of Publication, URL.
4. Online Videos:
Example:
- In-text: ("Title of Video").
- Works Cited: "Title of Video." YouTube Channel, Uploaded by Username, Date of Upload, URL.
5. Images:
Example:
- In-text: (Artist Name, Title of Work, Year).
- Works Cited: Artist Name. Title of Work. Year, Medium, Dimensions, Location.
Creating the Works Cited Page
The Works Cited page appears at the end of your paper. It lists all the sources you've cited in alphabetical order by the first element of each entry (usually the author's last name).
Works Cited Page Formatting:
- Heading: Center "Works Cited" at the top of the page.
- Double Spacing: Use double-spacing throughout.
- Hanging Indents: Indent the second and subsequent lines of each entry.
- Consistency: Maintain consistent formatting throughout.
Avoiding Common MLA Citation Mistakes
- Incorrect Page Numbers: Double-check your page numbers for accuracy.
- Missing Information: Ensure all necessary elements are included in both in-text citations and the Works Cited page.
- Inconsistent Formatting: Maintain consistency in formatting, such as spacing and punctuation.
- Plagiarism: Always properly cite your sources to avoid unintentional plagiarism.
Mastering MLA Citation: Resources and Further Help
This guide offers a basic framework. For detailed information and the most up-to-date guidelines, consult the official MLA Handbook. Your school's writing center or librarian can also provide valuable assistance.
By diligently following MLA style, you demonstrate your commitment to academic honesty and produce high-quality, credible work. Remember, proper citation is an essential skill for academic success.
